Physics

INDEX


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Energy, Conservation of
Energy, Potential and Kinetic 
Mass and Weight 
Pascal and Newton Units 
A Torque Moment 
Archimedes Screw
Archimedes Principle
Specific Gravity 
Hooke’s Law 
Force! 
Simple Machines

Newton's First Law
Newton's Second Law
Newton's Third Law 
Atwood's Machine 
Kepler’s First Law
Kepler's Second Law
Kepler's Third Law 
Gravitation 
Inverse Square Law 
Solar System 
Big Bang
Temperature Scales
 Boyle's Law
 Charles's Law
 Ideal Gas Law
 Barometric Pressure
 SI Units
 Noble Gases
 Air Liquefaction Fractions
 Le Chatelier's Principle
 
 Electromagnetic Radiation
 Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
 Ether Debunked
 Seismic Waves
 Light (and all EM ray) properties
 Light Refraction
 Sound Waves
Anodes and Cathodes
 Anodic Oxidation
 Battery Polarity
 Electric Energy
 Ohm's Law Ditty
 Newton's Kinematic Equations

Observer Effect
 Surface Tension
  Osmosis
 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
 Radioactive Penetration
 Radioactive Products

Attributions at the end of this page.




 

Energy, Conservation of

Energy is conserved in systems isolated.

Kinetic, potential and intrinsic conflated

 Change its form but never destroy or create it.

                                                                                                         By Alan Beech



Energy, Potential and Kinetic


                                                                                                  By Alan

Energy is conserved, therefore
½ mv2 = mgh. This reduces to v =√(2gh).

A car standing still

At the top of a hill

Has potential energy

Height times mass times g.

If the friction is nil

When it rolls down the hill

It's potential energetic

Is converted to kinetic.

At the foot of the hill

It's PE is nil

But as energy is spared

It is now ½mv2.

                                                                  By Alan Beech


 Mass and Weight

Bathroom scales measure the product of mass and it’s gravitational 
attraction to Earth. On the moon they would show your weight as 16% 
of your weight on Earth. Scales with counterbalances measure mass, 
so they would show the same result on Moon or Earth.

Mass is the same
Any place you name
In outer space
Or any place.

Your weight
At this location
Is mass times the rate
You accelerate
By gravitation.
                                                            By Alan Beech

       

Pascal and Newton Units

These derived SI units may be hard to remember

Pascals for pressure SI

In newtons per meter apply.

One newton of force is equated

To a kilogram of mass located

In a system one meter

per sec squared accelerated.

                                                                                           By Alan Beech    



A Torque Moment


The moment of a force or torque is the force multiplied by the
distance of its point of application from the fulcrum.

The book you just opened,
The faucet you turned,
The hoop you set rolling,
The ice-cream you churned,
These four examples of moments, you learn,
Are torques we apply to make something turn.
                                                                                                               By Alan Beech



Archimedes Screw

                                                                                        By Ianmacm
                                          by Silberwolf
Before Archimedes some farmers knew
The pump we call Archimedes screw.
A simple device they turned by hand
To irrigate their crops and land.

                                                                                      By Alan Beech

 

 

Archimedes Principle

Said the King to Archimedes “Find for sure
If the gold in my crown is pure or impure”.
“My brain is too dense to work out its density
It’s just mass over volume, that I can see”.

“We know the density of gold, that's true
And the mass of the crown, but nothing new.
How can I find its volume, that’s the rub.”
Archi solved the problem bathing in a tub.

The brimful tub overflowed when he sat
How much water flowed, he could measure that.
He jumped up and “Eureka!” shouted
That he had found it, nobody doubted.

An object in a liquid displaces
Some of that liquid to other places.
The apparent loss of object weight
To weight of liquid lost we equate.

                                                                                             By Alan Beech

 

 

Specific Gravity (SG)

                           Hydrometer6455
D = M/V but SG = Dliq/Dwater . As Dwater = 1g/cm3
the units cancel and it has no units.

Archimedes principle defines
A cargo ship’s load (by Plimsoll lines).
By knowing ship volume immersed we see
Its mass from displaced water density.

Hydrometer readings show
By how far immersed they go
Density as a ratio
To density of H2O.

Although the number remains the same
Specific gravity is its name
All of the units now go
As it is a ratio.
                              By Alan Beech

Hooke’s Law

                               
                         
                                           By Jorge Stolfi                       

The force needed to compress or extend a spring by distance x is proportional 
to x or (F = kx). In general the deformation of a body is proportional to the 
force applied or stress is proportional to strain.


Elastic springs under stress
By an activating source
Will elongate or compress
In proportion to its force.
                                                                             By Alan Beech


Simple Machines


                                                                                            By Rfc1394

The ‘classical six’ from Renaissance times are the inclined 
plane, wheel and axle, lever, pulley, wedge and screw.

Archimedes was long ago seen
Playing with a simple machine.
Lever, pulley, wedge and screw,
Wheels with axle, these he knew.

Galileo later clarified
How simple machines relied
By changing the way that force is applied,
Mechanical advantage they provide.

Falling balls, Galileo found
Fell quickly to the ground
So accurate timing was tough
Without sophisticated stuff.

Inclined planes created
Balls decelerated.
So Gali could measure
Gravity at leisure.

                                                                                          By Alan Beech


Force!


May the 

Acceleration of Mass

Be with you!

                                                    By Alan Beech


Newton's First Law (of Motion)

Every body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a
straight line unless it is acted upon by an externally impressed force.

Newton said things will
Always stay quite still
Or at constant velocity
If already moving free,
Unless an outside force
Modifies that course.
                                          By Alan Beech


Newton's Second Law

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. 
The greater the mass, the greater the force needed.

Mass multiplied by acceleration
With force has an equal relation.
Formed in equation say
f = m times a.

Force was defined by Newton
As mass times acceleration.
Force is measured in newtons check,
In kilogram meters per sec per sec.
                                                    By Alan Beech


Newton's Third Law

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Each action has a sequel
That's opposite and equal.
                                        By Alan Beech

Atwood's Machine

                                                                                    By ElTom 
Atwood’s, like an inclined plane
Slows the pull of gravity again.
Over a pulley a string is strung
And at each end a mass is hung.

With it we can investigate
How time and gravity relate,
In physics class this is seen
And called Atwood’s machine.

The easiest case to study
Involves a frictionless pulley
And uses massless strings
(both impossible things).

When both masses equate
Neither accelerate
Action and reaction agree;
Nothing moves (says Newton 3).

If unequal mass is applied
To the string on either side,
Each side equally accelerates
To Earth the heavier gravitates.

m1 side (toward the floor) positive
m2 side (toward ceiling) negative.
So positive side m1g - F = m1a
And negative side F - m2g = m2a.

From these equations by adding
Lose F, the tension of the string
Reducing to a times (m1 + m2)
Equating to g times (m1 – m2).

                                                                By Alan Beech


Kepler's First Law

                                           By Stw

The orbit of every planet is an ellipse With the Sun at one of the two foci.

Round the Sun each planet flips

Orbits making an ellipse

Ellipses have two foci, one

Is the Sun.

                                                  By Alan Beech


Kepler's Second Law

                                           By Chatsam

A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.

Approaching planets accelerate
Receding planets decelerate.
The segment swept is the same
Any time interval you can name.
                                                             By Alan Beech


Kepler’s third Law

                                                 By Stündle

The orbital period of a planet squared is proportional to the cube of the half major axis of its orbit.

The period ‘P’ of a planet
Is the time it takes to orbit,
‘a’ is for half major axis
The radii of planet ellipses.

Kepler thought as ‘P’ squared
Constant proportionality shared
With ‘a’ cubed for every planet,
“Music of the spheres” was in it.
                                                                             By Alan Beech

Interdependency

Tycho Brahe spent years in isolation
Making notes of each planets position.
Kepler used his work to calculate
How Earth and its planets circulate.

Newton used Kepler’s calculation
In his theory of gravitation,
But could not afford its publication cost.
Halley (of Comet) made sure it wasn't lost.
                                                                           By Alan Beech

Gravitation, Law of

                                                  Public domain

Acceleration of gravity
Call it letter F or little g
Not constant universally
That is the one we call big G.

Gravity forces everywhere
Obey the law of inverse square.
A force of acceleration passes
Between centers of two masses. 
Their product times G is divided
By the square of distance provided.
                                                                            By Alan Beech





Inverse Square Law

                                                                                        By Borb

The intensity of action (e.g. radiation) from a point decreases in proportion
to the reciprocal of its distance from the source squared ( I α 1/d2).

Light has a propensity
To decrease in intensity
In proportion to the square
Of its distance to anywhere 


Gravity falls off by inverse square, 
also the volume of sound in air, 
And a very important one, 
Heat and energy from the Sun.
                                                                 By Alan Beech



Solar System


                                                                                       By WP

The sequence of planets in our Solar System from the Sun  is Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Eight little planets cool are we,
From the Sun we are number three.
Beautiful Venus next we see.
Nearest the Sun, tiny Mercury.

First on the right is Mars the red
Where the Roman war god bled.
Jupiter's next, huge blob of gas
Eight moons or more around it pass.

Nearly as big gassy Saturn see
A ball in a ring of ice debris.
Uranus and Neptune, so far away
Gassy & huge, little more to say.
                                                                                By Alan Beech


Big Bang


                                                                                         By Yinweichen

Scientific data supports the origin of the universe about 13.8 billion years ago.


Lucky thirteen and point eight
Billion years ago (a rough date)
A Big Bang occurred
But no sound was heard.
Universal creator.
(People turned up later).
                                                                By Alan Beech


Temperature Scales

                                           By Comm. Coll. Consortium   

There are 9 degrees F for every 5 degrees C. The conversion
 factor is 5/9 (Add or subtract the 32o F).


Fahrenheit’s body was not able
To give him a temperature stable.
On ninety six he tried to fix
But it was ninety eight point six.
(He used expansion of mercury
In a hand blown glass capillary).

Water at thirty two starts to freeze
Begins to boil at two twelve degrees.
From ice into steam Fahrenheit sees
One hundred and eighty F degrees.

Celsius said water oughta' freeze
Only when it's at zero degrees.
And boil at one hundred.
That Fahrenheit blundered.

Kelvin (Celsius was his hero)
In honor of absolute zero.
Those Celsius degrees extended
To where thermal motion ended.
                                                                   By Alan Beech

Gas Laws, Boyle’s Law

                                                            By NASA's Glenn Research Ctr.

Boyle studied gas in a closed entity

He found that at constant temperature T

With volume V and pressure P

Values of PV constant be.

                                                                                                   By Alan Beech



Gas Laws, Charles’s Law

                                                   By NASA's Glenn Research Ctr.

Charles studied gas at constant pressure
How volume changed with temperature,
At each measured volume of gas he sees
Constant proportions to Kelvin degrees..

                                                                                      By Alan Beech



Gas Laws, Ideal Gas Law


Ideal gas molecules have no size and don't attract each other
but this law is almost correct and examiners love it


PV = nRT
For every ideal gas you see.
Use meters cubed for volume V
And pascals please for pressure P.
Amount of gas in moles we measure
Kelvin degrees for temperature.
In joules per kelvin mole rely
R is 8.314 SI.
                                                                  By Alan Beech


SI Units, My Favorite Things

                                             By Dono

The seven units of the International System of Units (SI) are length in meters,

 time in seconds, electric current in amperes, temperature in degrees Kelvin, 
luminous intensity in candelas and amounts of compounds in moles.
(Sung to the tune of "My Favorite Things").



Meters and seconds and current in amperes,
Light in candelas and Kelvin temperatures,
Masses in kilograms, compounds in moles,
These seven units are S.I. controls.
                                                                                    By Alan Beech

Barometric Pressures

 

How much does the air weigh

“Not very much”, you say,

The weight of air measures

Barometric pressures.

 

g gravity acceleration

And air mass have a relation.

mg per unit area measures

Barometric pressures.

                                                                                  By Alan Beech

 

 

 

Noble Gases

                                                      By Pumbaa

The naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar),
 krypton (Kr) [Pron. Krip-ton],xenon (Xe) [pron. zeenon] and radioactive
 radon (Rn) [Pron. ray-don]. In the atoms of the noble gases, the outer "valence" 
shell is filled full of electrons, so they seldom take part in chemical reactions. 
For the same reason they are mon-atomic, i.e. each atom is a molecule.


With shells of electrons fully pack'd
The noble gases seldom react.

Helium we waste in a toy balloon
We'll value more than gold dust soon.

Neon next to balloonacy
Makes the red strip lights you see.

Argon next to neon share,
Is almost one percent of air
But you'd never know it's there.

Krypton next in the noble plan
A gas, not the planet of Superman.

Xenon heaviest noble able
To have a nucleus that's stable.

Radon, radioactive gas
Sometimes found in homes, alas.
                                                           By Alan Beech


Air Liquefaction Fractions


Although only a small percentage of air by volume, these
 noble gases are available as air is liquefied on a large scale.


Out of liquid air
Fractions we prepare
Neon and argon,
Krypton and xenon.
Distilled fractions
Of liquefactions.
                                            By Alan Beech


Le Chatelier’s Principle


Le Chatelier’s Principle has application
To temp, press, vol and concentration.
When an equilibrium reaction rearranges
The system tries to combat the changes.
                                                                    By Alan Beech


Electromagnetic Radiation

 
                                                                                     By Lookang       


An EM radiation wave may
Also be described as a ray.

In synch and perpendicular
Elec and magnetic waves are.

Or streaming photons of energy
Devoid of mass and too small to see.
                                                                             By Alan Beech


Electromagnetic (EM) Wave (Ray) Spectrum

                                                                         By Penubag

The spectrum is continuous but we use the term ‘rays’ for all except very long waves.
The constant velocity of light (Terminal velocity) V = frequency x wavelength.


Waves most penetrating gamma,
Minute but an energy hammer.

X-ray waves see through skin substrate
But our bones cannot penetrate.

Ultra violet rays, UV,
Shorter than violet waves we see.

Violet view then to indigo go,
 Blue then green are next in the row.
Yellows like lemons to oranges change,
Red, longest waves in the visible range.

Longer than visible waves, infra-red,
We cannot see them but feel heat instead.

Very long EM waves we know
Carry media, TV and radio.
                                                   By Alan Beech


Ether Debunked

Ancients said ether was special air
Only heavens and gods could share
Newton used it to square observation
With his new theory of gravitation.

Clerk Maxwell contradicted
Stuff Newton had predicted
To his electromagnetic field
The ether concept started to yield.

Both light and this stuff ether
Traveled too fast to meter,
Michelson refused to concur
Made an interferometer.

Equipment that he designed
Many more times was refined.
Working with Morley he persisted
Deduced ether never existed.

Einstein’s Special Relativity
Related how mass is energy.
The ether concept it nixed
And time and space it unfixed.
                                                                                 By Alan Beech



Seismic Waves


                                                                                           By  Brews ohare

Compression or primary (P) waves from
Eruption, earthquake or atom bomb.
Are first to arrive because P is faster
Secondary S waves confirm the disaster.

P are longitudinal waves like sound
S the transverse waves, shake up solid ground.
P and S body waves give the alarm
Surface waves following do the most harm.
                                                                                  By Alan Beech


Light (and all EM ray) Properties

                              By DrBob

                   

                                                                                        
Each EM photon or ray
Behaves in a similar way.
Electromagnetic rays deflect
Focus, refract and reflect.

To a focus rays converge
From a focus they diverge.
Angle of incidence to a plane
Equals reflectance from that plane.
                                                                                       By Alan Beech



Light refraction


                                                                   By Wjh31
When rays of light pass
From air into glass
Refracted rays skew
Closer to normal new.

The constant ratio
Of sines angles show
At a normal beam vertex
Is the refractive index.
                                                                By Alan Beech

              

Sound Waves


                                                                     By Chetvorno
Sound pressure waves are produced by vibrations of the loudspeaker diaphragm.

Without the air around, your ear
Would not know that sound was here.
Because every sound we hear
Squeezes all the air that's near.

Sound is fastest near the ground
Less air up high, so slower sound.
Also the speed in air is slower
When the temperature is lower.
                                                                  By Alan Beech

Anodes and Cathodes

This applies to electrolytes in batteries and electrolysis

 

 

Anodes attract anions

But

Cathodes capture cations.

                                                                            By Alan Beech

 

 

 

 Battery Polarity

 

 

The terminal of your battery

With a plus, the anode will be.

To start the car so you can go

Electrons from the anode flow.

Current (by custom) we say,

Travels the opposite way.

                                                                                       By Alan Beech

 

  

 

Anodic Oxidation

 

                                        By MichelJullian

 

 

 

This often confuses students. Oxidation involves loss of electrons and reduction involves gain of electrons. (Anion & cation are pronounced: ann-I-on & cat-I-on).

 

 

When an anion meets an anode

Oxidation, aye

Its minus charges will unload

The current, it will fly.

                                                                               By Alan Beech

(Sung to the tune of "Comin' Through the Rye")

 

  

  

Electric Energy

 

 

A second times a watt of power

Makes an energy joule,

But we use kilowatts an hour

It's a more practical tool.
                                                                                   By Alan Beech


Thunderstorm Electric Charge


                                           By Metfis2

Scientists are still studying the electricity of lightning.
This is a simplified version.

Thunder clouds that worry us
Are storm cumulonimbus.
Protons to the cloud tops go
While electrons stay below.

These electrons as a band
Excite protons on the land
Proton plusses trail each cloud
Following the minus crowd.

Discharged as a lightning flash
With its mighty thunder crash
Cloud to cloud or cloud to ground
Making lots of light and sound.
                                                                     By Alan Beech

Ohm’s Law Ditty

Juan bolts from damp at home
One volt is amp times ohm.

Scots from damp climes bolt
Watts from amp times volt.
                                                                             By Alan Beech


Observer effect

To see a proton
With a photon
We get a vector sum
Of each’s momentum.

Ammeter in a circuit see
Reporting its electricity
But to report the sum
It uses some.

Mercury expands
Absorbs heat
So thermometers
Slightly cheat.
                                                            By Alan Beech


Newton’s Kinematic Equations

These equations apply to uniform motion in a straight line when the
abbreviations represent A = acceleration, D = distance traveled or
displacement, T =time, U = initial velocity, V = final velocity


D=(U+V)T/2
When A you can no longer view
D is (U plus V) times T over 2. 

D=UT+AT2/2
When final velocity V is spared
D is UT plus half AT squared.

V2=U2+2AD
When time T is missing V squared
Is two AD plus U squared.

V=U+AT
When D is missing V
Is U plus AT.

                                                               By Alan Beech



Osmosis



                                                                                By  Hans Hillewaert


Membranes semi-permeable

To solvents are permeable,

With hardly a pause

They squeeze through its pores

To equalize solutions

Of different concentrations.

Where solutes are too fat

To do that.

                                                        By Alan Beech



Protons, Neutrons & Electrons



                                                   Public Domain


The nucleus in the center of each atom holds positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. These relatively heavy particles together define its atomic mass. The number of protons in the nucleus defines its atomic number. The number of negatively charged electrons in orbits round the nucleus, generally equals the number of nuclear protons.


If we opened an atom to see inside
Three kinds of particles in it reside
Two kinds are bigger, the nuclear lot
Protons are positive, neutrons are not
Tiny electrons, those minus-charged e's
Fly round in orbits like buzzing of bees.


                                                                                                       By Alan Beech


Radioactive Penetration



                                            By Stannered
Externally
Alpha won’t penetrate skin*
Beta goes centimeters in.
Aluminum sheet can beta defeat.
Gamma penetrates thick concrete.

Internally
Alpha ionizes, kills long term
Beta burns skin, mutates sperm.*
Gamma rays pass harmlessly
Kills when focused for surgery.
                                                                              By Alan Beech

                              *Eye tissue and broken skin are vulnerable.


Radioactive Products

Radioactive atoms have unstable nuclei. Each time a nucleus decomposes,
alpha, beta or gamma radiation may evolve and a different element is formed.
In ordinary chemical reactions nuclei are not involved, only the electrons.


Alpha two charges positive,
Beta's electron is negative,
Gamma ray no charges give
                                                                                              By Alan Beech 


                                                                By Inductiveload
Particles alpha, from atoms decayed
Of two protons and two neutrons made.
Though they may not penetrate much
They kill off every cell they touch.
                                                                                                                     By Alan Beech


                                                     By Inductiveload

Beta with a velocity great
More than alpha can penetrate.
Electrons with a negative charge
Harm and ionize where they barge.
                                                                                                       By Alan Beech



                                                  By Inductiveload
Gamma, electromagnetic ray
Penetrates the longest way
Less damaging but they may be
Of widespread use in industry.

                                                                                          By Alan Beech



Surface Tension




                                                                               By Schnobby
Water strider didn’t oughta
Be able to stride across water.
Over ponds these tiny bugs flit
Surface tension enables it.

In a liquid every molecule
From all of its neighbors gets a pull.
At the surface neighbors below
        Pull the surface tension we know.           

                                                                                 By Alan Beech







ATTRIBUTION OF IMAGES

 Anodic Oxidation.
By Original work: File:Zinc anode 2.png by User: MichelJullian (talk) Derivative work: KES47 (File:Zinc anode 2.png) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0

Archimedes Screw
By Ianmacm at en.wikipedia [Public domain or Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons

Archimedes Screw Animated
"Archimedes-screw one-screw-threads with-ball 3D-view animated small" by Silberwolf (size changed by: Jahobr) - File:Archimedes-screw_one-screw-threads_with-ball_3D-view_animated.gifcreated by Silberwolf. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons 


Boyle’s Law

By NASA's Glenn Research Center [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Electromagnetic-Spectrum.
"Electromagnetic-Spectrum" by transferred by Penubag (talk · contribs) on 05:04, 15 May 2008 - taken from en.wikipediaen:Image:Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg and en:Image:Electromagnetic-Spectrum.png (deleted). Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons.

Energy, Potential and Kinetic
by Alan Beech

 Hooke’s Law.
By Jorge Stolfi (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
23.  Inverse Square Law. Borb [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Hydrometer
"Hydrometer6455". Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrometer6455.png#/media/File:Hydrometer6455.png

 Light, Properties of.
"Focal-length" by en:User:DrBob - binary identical with en:Image:Focal-length.png created by en:User:DrBob. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

  Light, and EM waves Properties of
(Refraction) By Wjh31 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons


EM Waves animation

By Lookang many thanks to Fu-Kwun Hwang and author of Easy Java Simulation = Francisco Esquembre (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Newton and Atwood Machine. 
By User:ElTom (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Osmosis.
 © Hans Hillewaert / CC-BY-SA-3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

 Protons, Neutrons & Electrons.
Stylized Lithium Atom.png. Licensed under Creative Commons attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported licence

. Radioactive Penetration.
 "Alfa beta gamma radiation" by User: Stannered - Traced from this PNG image.. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons 

Radioactive Products (Alpha).
 "Alpha Decay" by Inductiveload - self-madeThis vector image was created with Inkscape.. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons -
Radioactive Products (Beta)

Radioactive Products (Beta).
"Beta decay" by Exc - Exc. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0-gr via Wikimedia Commons -
 Radioactive Products (Gamma).
By Inductiveload [Public domain], via Wikipedia Commons

Simple Machines
By Rfc1394 (Own work) [LGPL (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html), GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0

S I Units.
By Dono [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

Sound Waves, animation
By Chetvorno (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons


Specific Gravity
"Hydrometer6455". Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrometer6455.png#/media/File:Hydrometer6455.png


Surface Tension 
Water Strider By S chnobby (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

 Temperature Scales.
By Community College Consortium for Bioscience Credentials (Own work) [CC-BY-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

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